Propionic Acid is a low-molecular-weight organic acid used as a functional ingredient in selected cosmetic, personal-care and formulation systems. It is also known as Propanoic Acid and is identified by CAS Number 79-09-4.
Propionic Acid is a clear, colourless to slightly yellow oily liquid with a characteristic, slightly pungent odour. It is completely miscible with water and can be incorporated into suitable aqueous formulation systems. High-purity commercial grades commonly contain approximately 99.5% or higher Propionic Acid.
In cosmetic applications, Propionic Acid can provide several functions. The current COSMILE Europe record identifies it as a pH regulator, antimicrobial, fragrance and preservative ingredient. It can therefore be relevant to formulations where pH adjustment and microbial-control performance are required.
Propionic Acid is a short-chain carboxylic acid that occurs naturally in certain biological and fermentation processes and is also produced commercially.
As a cosmetic formulation ingredient, it is primarily relevant because of its acidic character and antimicrobial properties. The undissociated acid form can contribute to microbial-control activity, while its acidic nature makes it useful for pH adjustment in suitable formulations.
Propionic Acid should not be confused with propionate salts or propionate esters. These related ingredients can have different cosmetic functions and formulation characteristics.
One of the important formulation applications of Propionic Acid is pH adjustment.
The acidic character of Propionic Acid allows formulators to adjust the pH of appropriate cosmetic systems. The quantity required depends on the initial formulation pH, buffering capacity, desired final pH and other ingredients present.
The final pH should always be measured after complete formulation and equilibration.
Propionic Acid has antimicrobial functionality and can help control the growth of selected microorganisms under appropriate formulation conditions.
Its antimicrobial effectiveness depends strongly on factors such as:
Therefore, the finished formulation should be evaluated as a complete preservation system.
COSMILE Europe identifies Propionic Acid as a preservative in cosmetic products.
When used for preservation, the formulation should comply with the applicable cosmetic regulations in the target market. The lowest effective concentration should be selected based on formulation requirements and appropriate preservation-efficacy testing.
Propionic Acid is also identified with fragrance functionality. Its characteristic odour means that sensory considerations are important when determining its concentration and application.
There is no single universal concentration suitable for every cosmetic application. The appropriate level depends on the intended function, formulation pH, regulatory requirements and preservation strategy.
Propionic Acid can significantly influence formulation pH. A calibrated pH measurement should be performed after incorporation into the final formulation.
Propionic Acid is highly miscible with water, making it suitable for incorporation into aqueous systems. JECFA describes it as miscible with water, ethanol and organic solvents.
Because Propionic Acid is a volatile, corrosive acidic liquid, controlled handling and appropriate manufacturing procedures are important. Addition should be performed under suitable ventilation and according to the applicable safety documentation.
Compatibility should be evaluated with:
When used as a preservative, Propionic Acid should not automatically be considered sufficient as the sole protection mechanism for every formulation. Preservation efficacy should be demonstrated on the finished product.
Propionic Acid should be stored in tightly closed, compatible containers in a cool, dry and well-ventilated area. It should be protected from excessive heat and incompatible materials.
Propionic Acid can be used in selected:
Swapnroop provides Propionic Acid for applicable cosmetic and personal-care formulation requirements with emphasis on consistent quality and controlled technical parameters.
Key advantages include:
Propionic Acid is a short-chain organic acid, also known as Propanoic Acid, used in suitable cosmetic formulations for pH regulation, antimicrobial and preservative functionality.
The CAS Number of Propionic Acid is 79-09-4.
Yes. Propionic Acid is normally supplied as a clear oily liquid. Its melting point is approximately −20 to −24°C, so it remains liquid under normal ambient conditions.
Yes. Propionic Acid is miscible with water.
Current COSMILE Europe identifies Propionic Acid as a pH regulator, antimicrobial, fragrance and preservative ingredient.
Yes. COSMILE Europe identifies it as a preservative in cosmetic products. The appropriate concentration and preservation performance must be evaluated according to the final formulation and applicable regulations.
Yes. Its acidic nature makes it suitable for pH adjustment in appropriate formulations.
High-purity grades commonly specify approximately 99.5% minimum assay. The actual specification should be confirmed against the applicable supplier COA/TDS.
| Parameter | Specification |
|---|---|
| Appearance | Colourless to light-yellow liquid or oily liquid |